Nikon's financial situation is explained here

Nikon and Nikkor are registered trade marks of Nikon Corporation. In April 1946 the name Nikon was derived from the company’s name NIpponKOgakuN. Nikkor was used since 1932 for its lenses.

As per April 1, 1988 Nippon Kogaku K.K. adopted its new company’s name Nikon Corporation*.

The development of the Japanese optical industry is very much linked to the expansion policy of the Japanese government in the 19th and 20th century. Emperor Mutsuhito (1852-1912) came to the throne in February 1867 and at once dispensed with the restraints imposed for centuries by the military leaders (shoguns) on successive emperors. This restoration marked the beginning of Japan’s modernization, known as the Meiji Period and lasting until the end of Mutsuhito’s reign. Restrictions on foreign trade were removed, and the Japanese borrowed heavily from Western methods. A new Army was modeled on the German; a new Navy on the British. Higher education was formed on the principles of the German philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt; a centralized bureaucratic government was set up, and the country began a swift process of industrialization. The second half of the Meiji Period saw the beginning of Japanese expansion on the Asiatic mainland, marked by the penetration of Korea and Manchuria and by victory in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5. During the reign of the Emperor Yoshihito (1912-1926), known as the Taisho Period, Japan emerged as one of the Great Powers and as an emerging economy, running behind the industrial revolution of the western world. Economic growth was hampered - however - by various military conflicts with continental-Asian enemies, the open rebellion in Korea and a considerable industrial unrest (intensified by the suffering caused by the great Tokyo earthquake of 1 September 1923). Many industries in Japan were set up by national and local governments to supply governmental organizations with special equipment.

After many centuries of importing optical instruments - mainly from Europe - Japanese government advocated and ordered the establishment of a national optical industry. On 25 July 1917 two optical industries {in fact the Optical Instruments Department of Tokyo Keiki Seisaku Sho (Tokyo Measuring Instruments Works, established 1 May 1896) and the Reflecting Mirror Department of Iwaki Glass Manufacturers (founded 24 October 1883 by Taijiro Iwaki)} merged and formed a new company with capital investment from Koyata Iwasaki, President of the Mitsubishi keiretsu: Nippon Kogaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha, abbreviated to Nippon Kogaku K.K. (Japanese Optical Industry Company). In December 1917 Fujii Lens Seizo Sho (founded by Ryuzo & Kozo (aka Mitsuzo) Fujii in 1909) joined the new company, which became official early 1918. The new company opened a factory in Ohi in the Shinagawa district in Tokyo, Japan. The Nikon headquarters at the time was located in the premises of the Tokyo Keiki company, however. The Ohi-factory became the main office of Nikon Corporation until November 2014, which nowadays also has factories and production units in other towns in Japan, and in other countries like Thailand. Nikon Corporation also has two sales departments outside Japan: one in Europe (Lynden, the Netherlands) and one in the United States of America (New York). Nikon Corporation is still member of the Mitsubishi keiretsu.

Nippon Kogaku K.K. was actually set up to serve the Japanese armed forces. It was Ryuzo Fujii, graduated from Tokyo Institute of Technology after a 3-year study in Germany, who invited in 1919 a group of 8 German specialists***. They arrived early 1921 and started to make optical surveying equipment (telescopes, microscopes, binoculars, and range finders) and (Anytar) lenses for the Japanese imperial navy, army and - later - air force only. In April 1924 the Fujii brothers resigned. In the 1930´s photographic lenses (Nikkor) were produced for fellow camera manufacturers (like Katsura, Canon and others) too. In Japanese internal history, the so called Mukden Incident (18 September 1931) marked the beginning of a militaristic reaction until the defeat of 1945. War time increased the need of high end instruments in large quantities. Marketing, consumer relations, public relations and cost effectiveness were not an issue. Nippon Kogaku became one of the largest optical industries in Japan - maybe even in Asia - with some tens of thousands of employees. On 25 November 1936 an agreement (Anti-Komintern Pact) between Germany and Japan was signed; Italy adhered to the Pact in November 1937. On 27 September 1940 the rulers of the so called Axis Powers {Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy and Hirohito (aka Emperor Showa) of Japan} signed the so called Tripartite Act in Berlin (later some Balkan countries signed, too). In the framework of that mutual assistance treaty Germany gave nearly all Carl Zeiss' patents for free to Japan! This 'knowledge bank' was very much welcomed by the optical engineers.

* The brand/name Nikon has nothing to do with the clerical name of the Russian monk Nikita Minim (1605-1681), who became Patriarch of Moscow in 1652.

** a print of this painting (by an Italian artist) was distributed in the 1870's to all public schools in Japan.

*** In 1921 Heinrich Acht, Ernst Bernick, Hermann Dillmann, Karl Weise, Albert Ruppert, Max Lange and Otto Stange arrived on a 5-year contract in Japan. Mr. Lange died in Japan in 1923 and Mr. Stange in 1924 in Japan, too. Mr. Acht, who was leading the German delegation, extended his contract until 1928. The other 4 Germans went back to Germany in 1926.

After World War II.........

After WWII foreign currency was desperately needed to feed domestic economy. Military equipment was not needed, not even allowed to be produced. Nippon Kogaku - considerably slimmed down - carefully stroke out upon new paths: camera market.

German patents on various industrial thus optical designs and instruments became null and void. In 1948 its first range finder camera was introduced (partly cribbed from Leitz and Contax as all German patents were annulled with the country's defeat). Because of the ´Nippon´ film format (24 x 32 mm.) and its relatively high price the camera wasn´t a success on the domestic and export market. An unexpected but welcome introduction on the American market by a few enthusiastic American photojournalists and by a gifted public relation professional (Joseph Ehrenreich) Nikon cameras and Nikkor lenses gathered an almost indestructible reputation in Northern America. The import of Nikon products into the USA was in the hands of the Overseas Finance and Trading Company (OFRITA) in San Francisco from 1949-1953*. In 1954 Joseph Ehrenreich, owner and CEO of Ehrenreich Photo-Optical Industries (EPOI) acquired the import of Nikon products, which led to an enormous boost in sales in the USA. In 1981 Nikon Corporation took over EPOI officially naming their subsidiary Nikon Americas Ltd. Nikon also opened an official subsidiary in Europe (Nikon AG, Switzerland) in 1961.Since Switzerland is not a member of the European Union Nikon opened in 1968 its official European HQ in the Netherlands, followed by more subsidiaries in countries like the United Kingdom (1979), France (1986) and Russia (2008). In other parts of the world Nikon is also present (i.e. Korea and Thailand - 1990 and Mexico - 2009).

*popular photography/March'91

In 1959 Nikon´s first single lens reflex camera - Nikon F - was introduced: a real workhorse like its successors Nikon F2, F3, F4, F5 and Nikon F6. In 1986 the first auto focus SLR (F501/N2020) for amateurs and in 1988 the professional AF-camera - Nikon F4 - was introduced. For amateur photographers the (unsuccessful) Nikkorex, the very tough Nikkormat-series, compact FM/FE-series and a whole range of AF-, APS-, compact, underwater (Nikonos), movie and video cameras - with varying success - were marketed. In 1997 the first Coolpix (digital compact camera) was introduced, followed by Nikon´s first professional digital SLR camera, the Nikon D1 in 1999. Finally in 2018 Nikon introduced a new series of digital system cameras and lenses: the Nikon Z-series.

After the German camera industry had to bow its head in the early 1970´s for the constantly improving Japanese optical industry, the (late 1980´s) re-named company - Nikon Corporation - became the world´s second most wanted camera and lens manufacturer. To date Nikon, together with its rival Canon, is still one of the leading optical companies in the world. It produces cameras, lenses, binoculars, steppers, sports optics, measuring instruments and almost everything else fitted with an optical lens. Nikon Corporation is - since its foundation - division/member of the Mitsubishi Keiretsu, one of the world´s largest industrial groups. It has production facilities in (among others) Japan, China, Thailand, (South-)Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Philippines and official representations in all major countries all over the world.

An interesting book has been written by the Dutch journalist and professor Karel van Wolferen, titled 'The Enigma of Japanese Power' in 1989. (ISBN 90-6766100-7), which has been translated into twelve languages and is generally considered to provide the most elaborate intellectual support of what has been called the "revisionist" view of Japan. His analysis is well-known and appreciated among the most prominent reformist politicians of Japan. He has gained a large Japanese readership with some sixteen books (with a total of well over one million copies sold), on political, economical and historical issues relating to Japan as well as on problems of political change and global compatibility among economic systems.

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